Glasses crystallize rapidly at free surfaces by growing crystals upward

TitleGlasses crystallize rapidly at free surfaces by growing crystals upward
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2011
AuthorsSun, Y., L. Zhu, K. L. Kearns, M. D. Ediger, and L. A. Yu
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume108
Start Page5990
ISBN Number0027-8424
Accession NumberWOS:000289413600019
KeywordsAMORPHOUS-SILICON, DIFFUSION, GROWTH-KINETICS, INDOMETHACIN, NUCLEATION, POLYMORPHS, T-G, TRANSITION TEMPERATURE
Abstract

The crystallization of glasses and amorphous solids is studied in many fields to understand the stability of amorphous materials, the fabrication of glass ceramics, and the mechanism of biomineralization. Recent studies have found that crystal growth in organic glasses can be orders of magnitude faster at the free surface than in the interior, a phenomenon potentially important for understanding glass crystallization in general. Current explanations differ for surface-enhanced crystal growth, including released tension and enhanced mobility at glass surfaces. We report here a feature of the phenomenon relevant for elucidating its mechanism: Despite their higher densities, surface crystals rise substantially above the glass surface as they grow laterally, without penetrating deep into the bulk. For indomethacin (IMC), an organic glass able to grow surface crystals in two polymorphs (alpha and gamma), the growth front can be hundreds of nanometers above the glass surface. The process of surface crystal growth, meanwhile, is unperturbed by eliminating bulk material deeper than some threshold depth (ca. 300 nm for alpha IMC and less than 180 nm for gamma IMC). As a growth strategy, the upward-lateral growth of surface crystals increases the system's surface energy, but can effectively take advantage of surface mobility and circumvent slow growth in the bulk.

DOI10.1073/pnas.1017995108
Alternate JournalPNAS